(after stating the facts as above). Without attempting to define what under the adjudicated cases will be *895enjoined as unfair in business competition, some of which will presently be cited, it may be said for present purposes that equity does not concern itself as to what the means, how, or with what intent they are used, if the result is fraud, and, if the public are induced thereby to purchase the goods of one under the belief that they are those of another, such means will be enjoined.
In Ludlow Valve Mfg. Co. v. Pittsburg Mfg. Co. (C. C. A.) 166 Fed. 26-29, it was said:
“No arbitrary rulos have ever been, nor ever can be, laid down by which courts of equity will furnish this protection. To establish such rules would, like definitions in the law, furnish the means by which fraud could successfully accomplish its ends.”
In Howe Scale Co. v. Wyckoff et al., 198 U. S. 118, 25 Sup. Ct. 609, 49 L. Ed. 972, it was held that:
“The essence of the wrong in unfair competition consists in the sale of the goods of one person for that of another, and, if defendant is not attempting to palm off its goods as those of complainant, the action fails.”
"Every man has a right to use his name reasonably and honestly in every way, whether in a firm or corporation. * * * It is not the use, but dishonesty in the use of the name, that is condemned.”
The following from Nims on Unfair Business Competition, supported by the cases cited by him, are helpful in deciding this case:
Unfair competition does not necessarily involve the violation of any exclusive right to the use of a word, mark, or symbol. Tt may arise from the use of words, etc., which everybody may use. The question is whether what was done in a special case lends to pass off the goods of one for those of another, or tends to deprive such other of Us rights. If a name purely generic or descriptive or indicative of general qualities such as any one may use has by long association with goods of one person come to mean to the public his goods alone, and not such goods in general, other persons will be prohibited from using it. Pages 8 and 9.
“A trade-name may be either the name of the manufacturer of goods, or some name by which the manufactured goods have become generally known. There is a kind of property in such a name, and interference with it will be restrained by the court if there is a prospect of injury to the owner of it.” Pages 22 and 28.
Itival manufacturers have no right by imitative devices to beguile the public into buying their wares under the impression that they are buying those of their rivals. Page 25.
A'name may be so appropriated by user as to come to mean the goods of the immitiff. Where such is the case, “the use of that name or one so nearly resembling it as to be likely to deceive as applicable to goods not plaintiff's may be the means of passing off those goods as and for the plaintiff's just as much as the use; of a trade-mark.” Pages 27 and 28.
‘‘When one has established a trade or business in which lie has used a particular name so that it has become known in trade as a designation of snch person’s goods, equity will protect him in the use thereof.” Page 34.
Out of this difficulty which the courts have found in preserving this right which every man has to use his own name, and at the same time preventing injury and fraud arising from the exercise of that right, the doctrine of secondary meaning has been evolved. Words which form a part of the common stock of: the language may become so thoroughly identified with some one person's business or goods that, it is quite possible that the use of them alone without any qualifying words or oilier explanation by another manufacturer would deceive buyers into believing that there was but one concern or one brand of goods instead of two. Page 138.
*896On the same principle that one must not pass off his goods as those ot another, he. must not use his trade-name in such a way as to give the impression that it is the trade-name of another. Page 104.
A corporate name is chosen by the incorporators themselves, and, as they can make it what they will, their rights arising from its possession are less important and their responsibility for its use is greater than in the case of their own personal name. Page 197.
“No name may be chosen in naming a corporation which will cause the new corporation to be passed off as some other company already in existence, or that will, when attached to the goods made by the new company, pass those goods off as the goods of some other company.” Page 206.
Applying the foregoing principles of law to the facts in this case, the solution is not difficult. From 1891 to 1902 or 1904 (the year being in dispute) complainant alone made and sold a “Bates Automatic Hand Numbering Machine/’ having a consecutive, duplicate, and repeat movement. During all this time, and for several years after, it extensively -and exclusively advertised this machine as the “Bates Numbering Machine,” and the purchasing public understood that such trade-name exclusively designated complainant’s machine. This machine distinctly filling a trade want, the complainant obtained a large and lucrative business in dealing therein. About the year 1902 defendant, then named “Bates Machine Company,” began the manufacture and sale of an automatic hand numbering machine, with like movements, and accomplishing the same purpose as that of the complainant. At first it made but one kind of such machine, which it designated as Model No. 49, soon following it, however, with another which it designated as Model No. 50. In cataloguing, marking, and advertising such machines they were not designated as “Bates Numbering Machines,” but as “Automatic Hand Numbering Machines Model No. 49 or 50.” The name of the defendant “Bates Machine Company” as the manufacturer of such machines appeared with such marking, publication, and advertising. This designation in marking and advertising defendant’s machines continued until after it changed its name, which took place on January 15, 1909. The course of the defendant up to this date was perfectly proper and legal. It had a right to put upon the market an automatic hand numbering machine in direct competition with the complainant, even to an exact duplication of its mechanism, if it did not infringe upon its patent rights. No such infringement is alleged. Its method and character of advertisement were unobjectionable. Nothing therein would suggest an attempt to trade on the reputation of an older competitor. Every ordinary intelligent person would see at once that a new competitor had entered the market.
A new condition of things- took place, howevei', with the change of name and the change in the wording of the advertisement of such machines. Neither the “Bates Machine Company” as the name of the defendant, nor the advertisement of its machines as “Model No. 49 or 50,” as manufactured by it, could be confused with the name of the complainant or the trade-name of its product, viz., “Bates Numbering Machine.” But not so when it changed its name to the “Bates Numbering Machine Company,” and began to advertise its machines by the same name as theretofore exclusively used to designate and advertise the machines of the complainant, and which name had then become firmly fix*897ed in the mind of the trade and purchasing public as associated with the complainant’s product. Not only confusion, but deception, was the necessary result of such conduct. A trade-name is usually more striking than the name of its user. „ It is likely to give more information about the product and calculated to make a more lasting impression on the mind than a mere trade-mark. Where such trade-name of the product is dissimilar to that of the manufacturer, it is likely to be remembered, even though the name of the person entitled thereto is overlooked or forgotten. Faulder & Co., Ltd., v. O. & G. Rushton, Ltd., 20 R. P. C. 477. In such a case such trade-name obtains a secondary meaning, even though in its primary sense it is not subject to the exclusive ownership of the trader.
In the recent case of Rowe Bros. Co. v. Toledo Varnish Co. (C. C. A.) 168 Fed. 627, it was held :
“The words ‘High Standard’ as applied to paints or varnishes aro in themselves descriptive of quality, and cannot be monopolized as a trade-mark, but, where they have been used for a number of years by one manufacturer exclusively for a trade-mark, and have thereby acquired a secondary meaning with the trade and public as designating and identifying the products of such maker, their use by another in connection with similar goods in a way which may probably deceive purchasers will be enjoined as unfair and fraudulent competition.”
The instances of confusion and deception shown in complainant’s affidavits are but the natural consequences of the change of defendant’s name and the changed wording of its advertisements. A glance at defendant’s advertisements appearing in the April (1909) numbers of the magazines “System” and “Office Appliances” will convince of this. The headlines to both of these advertisements, “23 Cents Puts a Bates Numbering Machine on Your Desk,” is tile most prominent part thereof. It is not only displayed in larger and heavier type, but so blocked out as to make it the most striking to the eye. Without the advertiser’s name and address, the trade would accept the whole as describing and advertising the complainant’s machine. If the defendant’s name were not so completely identified with the trade-name of the goods advertised, both a deception of the public and the diversion of the complainant’s business would be the likely consequences; but with the changed name of the defendant nothing else could reasonably be looked for. '['he street or factory address added to defendant’s name would not be likely to change such result. The reason for this is obvious, as between the flaring headlines proclaiming the trade-name and the name and address of the advertiser, the latter plays a minor part in the impression made on the mind of the reader. The jobber, because of bis more frequent purchases, might readily see that a different concern was advertising, but not so the ultimate purchaser. To the latter the trade-name is associated with the reputation of the product rather than the name of the manufacturer. Rured by the advertisement of this old trade-name he would he as likely to send the order to the advertiser as to the rightful owner of such trade-name under the belief that lie was dealing with the latter. The reprehensible purpose evidenced by this method of advertising is at least as striking *898as that condemned in Ludlow Valve Mfg. Co. v. Pittsburgh Mfg. Co. (C. C. A.) 166 Fed. 30.
The logical, and perhaps desired, result of such conduct on the part of the defendant is, first, a deceiving of purchasers into giving it their custom under the belief that they were dealing with the same parties whose goods had become favorably known under such trade term; and, second, the gradual appropriation to itself of the favorable reputation which the complainant had built up for its own goods through years of toil and at considerable expense. In this case the facts in the particulars that control the decision are similar to those in Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co. v. R. W. Rogers Co. (C. C.) 66 Fed. 56, affirmed R. W. Rogers Co. v. Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co., 70 Fed. 1017, 17 C. C. A. 576; Garrett et al. v. T. H. Garrett & Co., 78 Fed. 472, 24 C. C. A. 173; J. & P. Coates, Ltd., v. John Coates Thread Co. (C. C.) 135 Fed. 177; Charles S. Higgins Co. v. Higgins Soap Co., 144 N. Y. 462, 39 N. E. 490, 27 L. R. A. 42, 43 Am. St. Rep. 769; F. E. De Long v. De Long-Hook & Eye Co., 89 Hun, 399, 35 N. Y. Supp. 509; Dodge Stationery Co. v. Dodge, 145 Cal. 380, 78 Pac. 879; Bissell Chilled Plow Works v. T. M. Bissell Plow Co. (C. C.) 121 Fed. 357; Lamb Knit Goods Co. v. Lamb Glove & Mitten Co., 120 Mich. 159, 78 N. W. 1072, 44 L. R. A. 841; International Silver Co. v. Wm. H. Rogers Corp., 67 N. J. Eq. 646, 60 Atl. 187, 110 Am. St. Rep. 506 ; North Cheshire & Manchester Brewing Co. v. Manchester Brewing Co. (1899) App. Cases, 83, in which the use of the corporate title was enjoined. To the same effect, see, also, Clark Thread Co. v. Armitage, 74 Fed. 936, 21 C. C. A. 178.
In my opinion the coriiplainant has shown a clear case of unfair competition; and, in view of the former finding by this court that the defendant was guilty of unfair competition towards this complainant in imitating its labels, immediate, even though drastic, relief should be afforded. A preliminary injunction is granted restraining the defendant from any further- use of the words “Bates Numbering- Machine Company” as its corporate name, or as such corporate name any other words which sufficiently resemble the said trade-name of the complainant’s product, to wit, “Bates Numbering Machine,” as to be likely to mislead or deceive the public into thinking or believing that the automatic hand numbering machines put out by the defendant are the product of the complainant, and’ from employing or using the expression “Bates Numbering Machine” in connection with the sales of any automatic hand numbering, machines not of the complainant’s make, or in connection with the offering or advertising for sale thereof," and further restraining the defendant from filling any orders or awards calling for a “Bates Numbering Machine” with a machine or machines of other make than that of complainant, or from seeking to induce prospective purchasers to change orders, proposals, and awards calling for a “Bates Numbering Machine,” so as to describe or specify a machine or machines of other make than that of the complainant, without at the same time clearly and unmistakably informing such purchaser that the machines made by the defendant-are not those made by the *899“Bates Manufacturing Company,” and that such company and not the defendant began to advertise, and for many years exclusively advertised, said machines by the trade-name ‘‘Bates Numbering Machine.”