This is an action for verbal slander. The circuit judge, at the close of the plaintiff’s case, directed a verdict for the defendant, and plaintiff brings error. The plaintiff and defendant were trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Albion. A quarterly conference was called for the purpose of electing trustees for the ensuing year. The defendant was an official member of such conference, and entitled to a vote. The trustees were, in accordance with the church discipline, nominated *239by the pastor.. Among the names proposed was that of the plaintiff. The defendant thereupon moved that the name of F. W. Freese be substituted for that of plaintiff. A member of the board arose, and asked defendant for his reason for making the motion. The testimony is not entirely agreed as to what defendant said in response to the inquiry, but the disagreement is not, perhaps, substantial. If it were, the statement bearing most strongly against the plaintiff must be assumed to have been made. This is that the plaintiff was dishonest; that he was untruthful in his business dealings; that he was not only dishonest in his business, but that also in the church he failed to live up to the vows he took when he joined; that this was common talk; that he (defendant) frequently heard it on the street. Defendant also stated that he was sorry Howard was not there; that he would prefer to say whatever he .said in the presence of Mr. Howard. He also said his personal relations with Mr. Howard had always been pleasant. Another witness testified that defendant, on a previous occasion, had referred to a charge that plaintiff had not kept his word in regard to the purchase of the college farm; that he had refused to carry out a verbal contract for the purchase of the farm.
The plaintiff was called as a witness in his own behalf, and testified that he had not been guilty of dishonesty and deceit in his business dealings. The circuit judge was of the opinion that the occasion was privileged, that there was no proof of express malice, and that, therefore, the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, The ruling is challenged on both grounds. It is urged that the occasion was not privileged, for the reason that, if the defendant believed that the plaintiff was wanting in integrity, or that he failed to live up to his vows as a member of the church, it was defendant’s duty to take steps to expel plaintiff from the church, rather than to attempt to prevent his election to an office in the church. We cannot assent to his view. The defendant was called on to vote for or against the plaintiff, and it was certainly his duty, *240or at least his privilege, to make known, in response to an inquiry from another member of the conference, any facts within his knowledge which bore upon the question of plaintiff’s fitness for the place; and if this was done without malice, and in good faith, we have no doubt it was' privileged. O’Donaghue v. M’Govern, 23 Wend. 26; Dial v. Holter, 6 Ohio St. 228; Shurtleff v. Stevens, 51 Vt. 501 (31 Am. Rep. 698); Kirkpatrick v. Eagle Lodge, 26 Kan. 384 (40 Am. Rep. 316); Howard v. Thompson, 1 Am. Lead. Cas. 167, note.
The question whether there is any evidence justifying an inference of malice is more difficult of determination. The rule is well settled that, when it appears that the occasion is privileged, the plaintiff has the burden of proving actual malice. The rule is stated in a note to Howard v. Thompson, 1 Am. Lead. Cas. 167:
“The showing of a privileged occasion prima facie removes the quality of malice, and puts upon the plaintiff a necessity of showing express or actual malice; and, if this be proved, the defense entirely fails. And this express proof of malice appears to consist in all cases in showing mala fides in the defendant, — that is, that the occasion was made use of colorably, as a pretext for wantonly injuring the plaintiff; and this express malice, being matter of fact and motive, is, upon sufficient evidence, a question for. the jury. The fact that the words were consistent with malice is not enough; they must be inconsistent with bona fides.”
We have held that malice may be inferred from circumstances under which the publication takes place in some cases, as that the slander was uttered in the presence of third persons, when no necessity existed for so public an accusation. Garn v. Lockard, 108 Mich. 196. So, too, if it be shown that the alleged slanderous statement was known to be untrue, this is sufficient proof of malice. Harrison v. Howe, 109 Mich. 476. But in this case there is no evidence of actual malice unless it be held that the. evidence tending to shovv that the charges made were ill founded is sufficient for that purpose. There was noth*241ing in the manner of the defendant on the occasion in question to indicate ill will towards the plaintiff; on the contrary, the evidence negatives this. No previous utterances of defendant tend to show malice. True, it appeared that the defendant had previously notified the pastor that he should oppose the re-election of the plaintiff as a member of the board of trustees, but this does not tend to show malice. If he had the right to oppose plaintiff’s re-election, he had the right to give notice of his intended action. The case, then, must turn upon the question whether malice was made out by proof that the charges made were not true in fact, without additional evidence that they were known by the defendant to be untrue. If the privilege is to prove of actual value to the defendant, it would seem that it is quite unsafe to say that evidence that the statements made are untrue in fact establishes malice. The truth of the words may always constitute a defense. To remove privilege by evidence of the untruth of the words spoken would therefore leave one acting under a qualified privilege in practically no better attitude than one who .can plead no such privilege. This question was before the court of queen’s bench in Fountain v. Boodle, 3 Q. B. 5. It was said by Patteson, J., “Falsehood in fact is no proof of malice, unless the proof involves knowledge of the truth.” In Somerville v. Hawkins, 10 C. B. 583, it was said that the supposition that defendant believed the charge is always to be made when the question is whether a communication is privileged or not. In Harris v. Thompson, 13 C. B. 333, it was said by Williams, J., citing Fountain v. Boodle: “The mere circumstance of the statement being false will not suffice to show malice, unless there is some evidence to show that the defendant knew it to be false.”
The direction of the learned circuit judge was right. The judgment will be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred.