Respondent was informed against and convicted of the larceny of a quantity of wheat. The theory of the prosecution was that respondent, in concert with several other persons, stole the wheat in the night-time from a granary, took it to market and disposed of it. The evidence was in part circumstantial, and in part consisted in the respondent’s confessions.
When evidence of confessions was offered, counsel for respondent insisted that it must first be shown that the confessions were not obtained by means of threats or promises-of favor. The trial judge appears to have assented to the propriety of this, and considerable evidence was taken on the subject, at the conclusion of which the confessions were allowed to be proven. No exception appears to have been taken to this, and for that reason if the evidence was incompetent the respondent could not now take advantage of the error. Rut, as the case must go back for a new trial, it is proper to say that we think enough was shown to render the confessions altogether inadmissible. If the statement of the respondent is believed, not only were promises of favor held out to him as an inducement to confess, but he was threatened with personal violence while in confinement „ and though the party accused of the threats denies them’ we find sufficient in the evidence of witnesses for the people *615to convince ns that the respondent was treated in a maimer which was altogether unwarranted. It appears without dispute that in the middle of the night, after the officer who had arrested him had retired for much-needed rest, the respondent, instead of being allowed the like privilege of rest, was visited by three persons in succession, whose mission appears to have been to obtain confessions by impressing upon the mind of the respondént that it would be better for him, or he would get off easier if he made confession-None of these persons was the officer in charge; but their admission to the cell at such an unreasonable hour carried with it an implication of the officer’s consent to their mission, and respondent could scarcely fail to be impressed that their assurances were made with full authority. No reliance can be placed upon admissions of guilt so obtained ; for the very obvious reason that they are not made because they are true, but because, whether true or false, the accused is led to believe it is for his interest to' make them. The cases of State v. Phelps 11 Vt. 116: s. c. 34 Amer. Dec. 672: State v. Walker 34 Vt. 296; Hector v. State 2 Mo. 166: s. c. 22 Amer. Dec. 454; State v. Bostick 4 Harr. 563; State v. Guild 10 N. J. 163: s. c. 18 Amer. Dec. 404; Spears v. State 2 Ohio St. 583; Commonwealth v. Taylor 5 Cush. 505; Commonwealth v. Tuckerman 10 Gray 190; Smith v. State 10 Ind. 106; Miller v. People 39 Ill. 457; Cain v. State 18 Tex. 387; Davis v. State 2 Tex. App. 588; Van Buren v. State 24 Miss. 512; Jordan v. State 32 Miss. 382; People v. Barric 49 Cal. 342; State v. York 37 N. H. 175; Miller v. State 40 Ala. 54; Porter v. State 55 Ala. 95; State v. Whitfield 70 N. C. 356 and State v. Hagan 54 Mo. 192, may all be cited in support of the views here expressed, and the list might easily be increased very considerably. The case of Flagg v. People 40 Mich. 706, has sufficient resemblance to the one before us to render what is there said in point, and we refer to it for a further expression of our own views on the general subject.
The prosecution gave evidence that tracks were found and *616followed from where the wheat was taken, and that the boots of the accused parties were measured to see how they corresponded to the tracks. They were allowed also, against objection, to show that while this was going on the respondent seemed to be excited. From this excitement the jury were expected to draw inferences unfavorable to the accused. No doubt a guilty party might be excited under such a charge, and so might an innocent party be; and the probability that one or the other would be most affected by the accusation would depend so much upon individual mental and physical peculiarities that the mere fact of excitement affords no basis whatever for any deduction for or against the justice of the charge. But the evidence of excitement is peculiarly objectionable because it is likely to be given —as it evidently was in this case — by persons prepossessed with a belief in the guilt of the accused, and very certain from that fact to draw unfavorable inferences, and to have what they see magnified by their imagination. The case of Dillin v. People 8 Mich. 357, 371, which is relied upon as sanctioning the admission of such evidence, was different. The excitement testified to in that case was not connected with any accusation, but was so nearly cotemporaneous with the crime as to be provable as part of the res gestee.
The following transaction appears by the record to have taken place on the trial:
George Harrison, being sworn as a witness for the defense, was asked, on cross-examination, whether he had ever been arrested, and whether he did not know that there was a warrant out for him, and whether he did not know that the sheriff had such a warrant then. The record then proceeds as follows:
Counsel for Respondent. “ What did you insinuate that for ? ”
Prosecuting Attorney. “ It is true.”
The witness then left the stand, and was immediately arrested by the sheriff .in court, in presence of the jury, and taken to jail.
*617 Counsel fw Respondent to the Court. “ I would like fb know what kind of a performance this is, for the sheriff to take my -witness out of the court-room.”
The Court. “You excused him from the stand, and he said he had a warrant for him, and he took him on the warrant.”
Coimsel for Respondent. “ I supposed I had a right to •have him here.”
The Court. “ Certainly; if you want to use him you may have him; he will be produced; it is a kind of performance that should not be indulged in, and the court is not responsible for the commission of it. If you desire to use the witness he will be produced for that purpose.”
And he was subsequently produced in the sheriff’s custody.
It is very plain that the court perceived the wrong of this theatrical arrest, and its necessary tendency to pervert justice, and it is to be regretted that he did not promptly and decisively rebuke it. No one can feel assured that a trial in the course of which such' a transaction can take place, has been fair or just; there is a suggestion about it of brow-beating and terrorism that may have affected witnesses and jurors beyond what can be shown; and it was so entirely unnecessary to any proper purpose that it cannot be overlooked. It is proper also to consider it in connection with other things occurring on the trial which had a tendency in the same direction. The wife of the respondent was a witness for him. On cross-examination an effort was made to show that on another occasion she had oeen concerned in the larceny of a pair of shoes. She denied the facts imputed to her, and a witness was then permitted to contradict her, and detail the particulars of the alleged offense. The bringing in of this collateral matter was plainly erroneous, as the judge soon perceived, and he did what he could to correct the mischief by striking out the testimony and giving the jury proper caution respecting it. But it is not possible wholly to obviate the effect of such damaging evidence by mere cautions: the jury, unconsciously to themselves perhaps, will be more or less affected by it. Possibly, if this were the only error in the case we *618.might not be disposed to grant a new trial because of it:, but in view of other proceedings which have been specified, we think a new trial demanded by the plainest principles-of right.
A number of assignments of error have been passed over-by us as not being sufficiently plausible to require attention. One only will be mentioned. The name of respondent’s wife had been endorsed on the information as a witness for-the People, and counsel for respondent insisted that she should be called by the People that the defense might have-opportunity for cross-examination. The court declined, correctly as we think, to order this. The relationship of the witness to the accused was sufficient reason for excusing-her.
A new trial is advised.
The other Justices concurred.