State v. Jensen 324 Wis. 2d 586, 2010 WI 38, 782 N.W.2d 415

PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK, J.

¶ 1. We review a decision of the court of appeals1 affirming the circuit court's decision2 denying Scott R. Jensen's (Jensen) motion to change the venue of his criminal trial to Waukesha County Circuit Court pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) (2007-08).3 The issue presented is whether Waukesha County Circuit Court is the proper venue for Jensen's trial because it is the "circuit *590court for the county where the defendant resides" pursuant to § 971.19(12), or whether Dane County Circuit Court, the circuit court for the county "where the crime was committed," is the proper venue for his trial pursuant to § 971.19(1).

¶ 2. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes Waukesha County Circuit Court as the proper venue for Jensen's trial because the State's allegations against Jensen come within two categories of actions described in § 971.19(12). First, the State alleged that Jensen violated a law arising from or in relation "to the official functions of the subject of the investigation." Second, the State alleged that Jensen violated a law "arising from or in relation to ... any matter that involves elections . . . under chs. 5 to 12." Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals decision affirming the circuit court's denial of Jensen's motion to change the venue of his trial to Waukesha County Circuit Court. Waukesha County Circuit Court is the proper venue for the action that the State has brought against Jensen.

I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3. On October 18, 2002, the State filed a complaint in Dane County Circuit Court charging Jensen with three counts of felony misconduct in public office as party to the crime, contrary to Wis. Stat. § 946.12(3)4 and one misdemeanor count of intentional misuse of *591public positions for private benefit as party to the crime, contrary to Wis. Stat. § 19.45(2). The complaint alleged that the acts relating to Jensen's alleged violations occurred in Dane County.

¶ 4. Jensen moved to dismiss the complaint on various grounds. The circuit court denied his motion to dismiss, and in an interlocutory appeal, the court of appeals affirmed. State v. Jensen (Jensen I), 2004 WI App 89, ¶¶ 1-2, 272 Wis. 2d 707, 681 N.W.2d 230. While the decision of the court of appeals was ultimately affirmed, we note that only four justices participated in the decision and there was no majority on all issues that the court of appeals decided; therefore, parts of the court of appeals decision were affirmed due to the equal split among the justices. See State v. Jensen (Jensen II), 2005 WI 31, ¶ 2, 279 Wis. 2d 220, 694 N.W.2d 56 (per curiam).

¶ 5. Following a jury trial, Jensen was found guilty on all four counts. Jensen appealed each of the three felony convictions. The court of appeals concluded that the circuit court erred in instructing the jury and in excluding portions of Jensen's own testimony. State v. Jensen (Jensen III), 2007 WI App 256, ¶ 1, 306 Wis. 2d 572, 743 N.W.2d 468. Accordingly, it remanded for a new trial. Id.

¶ 6. In February 2007, while Jensen's second appeal was pending, the legislature enacted Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), which provides that defendants charged with certain violations of, and violations arising from or in relation to, the elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation laws are to be tried in the county where the defendant resides. See 2007 Wis. Act 1, § 205. On *592January 10, 2008, 2007 Wis. Act 1 went into effect. On that date, pursuant to § 971.19(12), Jensen moved the court to transfer his case from Dane County Circuit Court, where the misconduct is alleged to have occurred, to Waukesha County Circuit Court, where Jensen resides. The circuit court denied Jensen's motion, concluding that § 971.19(12) is clear and unambiguous and that it does not apply to the charges pending against Jensen. The court of appeals affirmed the circuit court's decision denying Jensen's motion.

¶ 7. We granted review and now reverse.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

¶ 8. To resolve the question presented, we must interpret and apply Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12)." 'The interpretation and application of a statute to an undisputed set of facts are questions of law that we review independently.' " Estate of Genrich v. OHIC Ins. Co., 2009 WI 67, ¶ 10, 318 Wis. 2d 553, 769 N.W.2d 481 (quoting McNeil v. Hansen, 2007 WI 56, ¶ 7, 300 Wis. 2d 358, 731 N.W.2d 273).

B. Parties' Positions

¶ 9. The parties offer competing interpretations of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12).5 The State contends that § 971.19(12) does not apply to the charges pending *593against Jensen; therefore, he must be retried in Dane County Circuit Court. Jensen contends that § 971.19(12) does apply to the charges pending against him, and pursuant to his change of venue motion, requires he be retried in Waukesha County Circuit Court. Before examining the language of the statute, it is instructive to examine each party's argument in detail.

1. State's position

¶ 10. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.19(12) applies to "violation[s] of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation." The State argues that "the investigation" must be a Government Accountability Board investigation. Because Jensen has never been the subject of an investigation conducted by the Government Accountability Board, the State contends that this portion of the statute does not apply to him.

¶ 11. The last portion of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) applies to violations of any other law arising from or in relation to "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation." The State contends that "regulation" modifies "elections," "ethics," and "lobbying." Pointing to the Government Accountability Board's ability to promulgate administrative regulations interpreting or implementing the laws regulating the conduct and administration of elections under Wis. Stat. § 5.05(1)(f), the State argues that this portion of § 971.19(12) applies *594only to violations arising from or in relation to administrative regulations promulgated by the Government Accountability Board. Because Jensen was not charged with a violation of any such regulation, the State contends that this portion of the statute does not apply to him.

2. Jensen's position

¶ 12. Jensen contends that the phrase "the subject of the investigation" should not be construed to mean "the subject of the [Government Accountability Board] investigation." Instead, Jensen contends that this phrase applies to investigations by the Government Accountability Board, the former Elections Board,6 the former Ethics Board, or those undertaken independently by district attorneys. Jensen was the subject of an investigation by the former Elections Board and by the district attorney. Accordingly, because Jensen's pending charges allege a violation of a law "arising from or in relation to" his "official functions" and he was "the subject of the investigation," Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) requires him to be tried in Waukesha County Circuit Court.

¶ 13. Jensen further contends that the term "regulation" in the phrase "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation" does not refer to administrative rule-making. Instead, the term "lob*595bying regulation" is a term of art referring to subeh. Ill of ch. 13, which subchapter is entitled the "Regulation of Lobbying." Jensen argues that the allegations against him fall squarely within the statute because he was charged with the violation of "any other law arising from or in relation to" any matter involving "elections .. . under chs. 5 to 12."

C. General Principles of Statutory Interpretation

¶ 14. Statutory interpretation begins with the language of the statute. State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58, ¶ 45, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. If the meaning of the words in the statute is plain, the analysis goes no further. Id. Statutes must be interpreted reasonably, to avoid absurd or unreasonable results. Id., ¶ 46. And, where possible, an interpretation must give effect to every word in the statute to avoid surplusage. Id.

¶ 15. Context and purpose are important in discerning the plain meaning of a statute. Id., ¶ 48. As such, statutory language is interpreted in the context in which it is used in relation to the surrounding and closely-related statutes. Id., ¶ 46. "Some statutes contain explicit statements of legislative purpose ... ."Id., ¶ 49. In construing a statute, we favor a construction that fulfills the purpose of the statute over one that defeats that purpose. Cnty. of Dane v. LIRC, 2009 WI 9, ¶ 34, 315 Wis. 2d 293, 759 N.W.2d 571. Finally, we do not resort to legislative history in interpreting a statute if the statute's meaning is plain; however, legislative history may be used "to confirm or verify a plain-meaning interpretation." Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 51.

*596D. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.19(12)

¶ 16. Generally, a "[c]riminal action[] shall be tried in the county where the crime was committed, except as otherwise provided." Wis. Stat. § 971.19(1). In 2007 Wis. Act 1, the legislature created an exception to the general venue provision. The legislature enacted § 971.19(12), a new rule of criminal procedure, to establish venue in criminal actions involving violations of, and violations arising from or in relation to, the elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation laws. Section 971.19(12) states:

Except as provided in s. 971.223,7 in an action for a violation of chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19, or for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation or any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under subch. 5 to 12 [chs. 5 to 12],8 subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19 a defendant who is a resident of this state shall be tried in circuit court for the county where the defendant resides. For purposes of this subsection, a person other than a natural person resides within a county if the person's principal place of operation is located within that county.

*597¶ 17. In 2007 Wis. Act 1, the legislature also enacted Wis. Stat. § 801.64, which establishes the purpose of the new venue provision. Section 801.64 states in relevant part:

The legislature finds that violations of offenses covered by 2007 Wisconsin Act 1 are violations of the public trust that should be adjudicated in the county where the offender resides so the individuals who the defendant interacts with daily, serves, or represents as a public official or candidate and whose trust was violated by the offense will judge the defendant's guilt or innocence.

Accordingly, we must interpret Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) to promote its "textually ... manifest statutory purpose" as set out in § 801.64. Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 49.

¶ 18. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.19(12) describes three categories of offenses for which venue is the county where the defendant resides. The first category applies to actions "for a violation of chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19."9 This portion of the statute establishes that allegations that a defendant violated any matter relating to elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation are venued "in [the] circuit court for the county where the defendant resides."

¶ 19. The second portion of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) mandates that venue is in the county where the defendant resides "for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation or any matter that involves elections, eth*598ics, or lobbying regulation under chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19." The statutory language creates two categories of actions to which the venue statute applies: violations arising from or in relation to public officers' "official functions" and violations arising from or in relation to "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation."

¶ 20. There had been some dispute as to whether the introductory phrase, "for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to," modifies only category two, the "official functions" category, or whether that phrase also modifies category three, which applies to "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation." Before the court of appeals, it was Jensen's position that the introductory phrase modifies both category two and three. In contrast, the State contended that the introductory language modified only category two. However, the State appears to have changed its position. In its brief to this court, the State asserted:

[T]he State also concurs with the defendant that the phrase "for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to" appears to modify not only category two ("the official functions of the subject of the investigation") but also category three ("any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under" the enumerated statutes).

¶ 21. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes that venue shall be in the county where the defendant resides for certain criminal violations. We agree with the parties that the phrase "for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to" modifies both category two, violations of the "official functions," and category three, "matter[s] that involve[ ] elections, ethics, or lobbying *599regulation" under the statutes enumerated in § 971.19(12). Without the introductory language, category three does not describe a violation of law because standing alone, the phrase "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation" is meaningless. To give meaning to every word in the statute, we conclude that the phrase "for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to" modifies categories two and three. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 46.

¶ 22. The punctuation in Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) further supports our conclusion that the introductory language modifies categories two and three. A "serial comma" is the comma used immediately before a conjunction that precedes the last item in a list of three or more items. See William A. Sabin, The Gregg Reference Manual 39 (10th ed. 2005). While the use of a serial comma is optional, we note that the legislature used a serial comma in three places in § 971.19(12). First, the venue provision applies to actions for an alleged violation of "chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19." Second, the legislature lists the same statutes a second time in § 971.19(12) also using a serial comma. Third, the legislature used a serial comma in the phrase "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation."

¶ 23. As we previously noted, Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes venue for three categories of alleged violations. We note that there is no comma before "or any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation," the third category. To be consistent with its use of the serial comma, the legislature should have inserted a comma before "or" in this phrase in order to indicate that it is not modified by any preceding language. The absence of a serial comma bolsters the conclusion that "for a violation of any other law arising *600from or in relation to" modifies both "the official functions of the subject of the investigation" and "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation." See Bryan A. Garner, The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style 70 (2000) (citing David W Ewing, (advising that the omission of a serial comma allows the final entries to be "joined" or "read as one category") Writing for Results in Business, Government, and the Professions 358 (1974)). Stated otherwise, the lack of a serial comma after "for a violation of any other law" and before "or any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation" suggests that the former modifies the latter. Accordingly, we interpret the third category described in § 971.19(12) as establishing venue in the county where the defendant resides for an alleged violation of any other law arising from or in relation to any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation.

E. Interpretation and Application of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12)

¶ 24. As we explained, Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes that venue shall be in the county where the defendant resides in three categories of alleged violations. Both parties agree that category one is not at issue here because Jensen has no pending charges that come within the described laws.10 The second category applies to "violation[s] of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the *601investigation." The third category applies to "violation^] of any other law arising from or in relation to . . . any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19." We must determine whether the allegations against Jensen fall within the ambit of either the second or third categories. We will analyze each category in turn.

1. Official functions category

¶ 25. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes that venue shall be in the county in which the defendant resides if it is alleged that he violated "any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation." The parties do not dispute that Jensen was charged with "a violation of any other law" arising from his "official functions."

¶ 26. At oral argument, the State conceded: "We're actually not disputing that any other law, even in this case, could be [Wis. Stat.] § 946.12(3). We acknowledge that, actually." The State further conceded in its brief that Jensen's charges arise from his official functions. Indeed, this issue was addressed by the court of appeals in Jensen I. The court of appeals explained that Jensen "fac[es] prosecution for violating a criminal statute, namely § 946.12(3), which prohibits [an] official ], such as [Jensen], from violating [his] duty as [a] public official ]." Jensen I, 272 Wis. 2d 707, ¶ 31. As the case is presented to us, the dispute between the parties focuses on whether Jensen was "the subject of the investigation," as that phrase is used in Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12).

¶ 27. The State urges us to interpret "the subject of the investigation" as including only investigations *602conducted by the Government Accountability Board. We disagree. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) encompasses investigations by the Government Accountability Board, the former Elections Board, the former Ethics Board, and district attorneys.

¶ 28. The legislature created the Government Accountability Board in 2007 Wis. Act 1. As part of that Act, the legislation abolished both the Elections Board and the Ethics Board. See Drafting File for 2007 Wis. Act 1, Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau of 2007 S.B. 1, Legislative Reference Bureau, Madison, Wis. [hereinafter Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau]. The Government Accountability Board has the power to investigate violations of the laws it administers, which includes "chs. 5 to 12, other laws relating to elections and election campaigns, subch. III of ch. 13, and subch. III of ch. 19." Wis. Stat. § 5.05(1), (2m). The former Elections Board had the power to investigate possible violations of the elections laws. Wis. Stat. § 5.05(3) (2005-06). The former Ethics Board had the power to investigate possible violations of the ethics laws and lobbying regulation laws. Wis. Stat. § 19.49(3) (2005-06); Wis. Stat. § 13.74(2) (2005-06). District attorneys also have the power to investigate possible violations of chs. 5 to 12, other laws relating to elections and election campaigns, subch. Ill of ch. 13, and subch. III of ch. 19. See Wis. Stat. § 978.05.

¶ 29. We begin by recognizing the broad language the legislature used in drafting Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). The statute includes the phrases "for a violation of any other law" and "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation." § 971.19(12) (emphasis added). In Marotz v. Hallman, 2007 WI 89, 302 Wis. 2d 428, 734 N.W.2d 411, we explained that a phrase modi*603fled by the word" 'any' indicates broad application." Id., ¶ 25. In State v. Perez, 2001 WI 79, 244 Wis. 2d 582, 628 N.W.2d 820, we explained our broad interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 968.20(1m)(b), which contained the phrase "involving the use," by noting that " '[ijnvolving' is a broad term." Id., ¶ 31.

¶ 30. To be consistent with the broad language utilized by the legislature in Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), we interpret the phrase "subject of the investigation" broadly to encompass more than just Government Accountability Board investigations. The State's interpretation is too limited and is contrary to the broad language contained in § 971.19(12).

¶ 31. Statutory interpretation also requires that we examine the statutory language, "subject of the investigation," in the context in which it is used, i.e., in relation to the language of closely-related statutes. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 46. Wisconsin Stat. § 978.05 is a closely related-statute as subsection (1) was amended in 2007 Wis. Act 1 to reflect the language the legislature used in creating Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). Section 978.05 sets forth duties of district attorneys, and subsection (1) states in relevant part:

The district attorney shall:

(1) Criminal Actions. Except as otherwise provided by law, prosecute all criminal actions before any court within his or her prosecutorial unit and have sole responsibility for prosecution of all criminal actions arising from violations of chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19 and from violations of other laws arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation or any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19.

§ 978.05(1) (emphasis added).

*604¶ 32. Because Wis. Stat. §§ 978.05(1) and 971.19(12) were created to parallel one another, the two statutes should be interpreted consistently. Compare § 978.05(1) ("sole responsibility for prosecution of all criminal actions arising from ... violations of other laws arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation") with § 971.19(12) ("violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation"). To interpret "the subject of the investigation" under § 978.05(1) to include only Government Accountability Board investigations would produce absurd results because it would limit the powers of district attorneys to prosecute crimes involving elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation without any indication of such a limitation from the legislature.

¶ 33. To explain further, district attorneys possess the "sole responsibility for prosecution of all criminal actions arising from . .. violations of other laws arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation."11 Wis. Stat. § 978.05(1). Incorporating the State's interpretation of the phrase "the subject of the investigation" to mean "the subject of the *605[Government Accountability Board] investigation" to both Wis. Stat. §§ 971.19(12) and 978.05(1) would inhibit the district attorney from prosecuting criminal violations "of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation" unless the Government Accountability Board first initiates an investigation. See § 971.19(12); § 978.05(1).

¶ 34. However, the Government Accountability Board is not required to investigate alleged violations; it is merely permitted to investigate such violations. See Wis. Stat. § 5.05(2m)(a);12 Opinion of Wis. Att'y Gen. to *606Todd P. Wolf, Wood County Dist. Att'y, OAG 10-08 (Oct. 29, 2008) (explaining that "the [Government Accountability] Board and district attorneys possess joint and co-equal authority to investigate" and that the Government Accountability Board "has no statutory obligation to commence an investigation"). Accordingly, under the State's interpretation, the district attorney's authority to prosecute a criminal violation venued according to Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) hinges on the Government Accountability Board's initiation of an investigation, which the Board is not required to commence. Under the State's theory, it would be the Government Accountability Board that would decide which "official functions" violations are subject to criminal prosecution.

¶ 35. This cannot he an accurate reading of the statute because it is at odds with the district attorney's "sole responsibility for prosecution" of alleged "official functions" violations. Wis. Stat. § 978.05(1); Wis. Stat. § 5.05(2m)(c)11. Stated otherwise, the State's interpretation of "the subject of the investigation" as referring only to a Government Accountability Board investigation inhibits the district attorney's prosecutorial authority, which § 978.05(1) expressly confirms, on discretionary investigatory action on the part of the board. The State's argument, in effect, permits the Government Accountability Board to control, and therefore limit, the district attorney's prosecutorial authority. Section 978.05(1) gives no indication that a district attorney's ability to prosecute criminal violations of any matter involving elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation should be conditioned on the Government Ac*607countability Board's decision to investigate. The State's reading of Wis. Stat. §§ 971.19(12) and 978.05(1) conflicts with our goal of harmonizing provisions relating to the same subject matter. See State v. Morford, 2004 WI 5, ¶ 21, 268 Wis. 2d 300, 674 N.W.2d 349.

¶ 36. The phrase "the subject of the investigation" appears in two other statutory provisions, see Wis. Stat. § 5.05(5s)(d);13 Wis. Stat. § 5.05(2m)(c)14.,14 both of which were enacted by 2007 Wis. Act 1. The State contends such phrase in both of these statutes unambiguously refers only to a Government Accountability Board investigation. Accordingly, the State contends that Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) must be interpreted in the context of § 5.05 as a closely-related statute, and in so doing, we must also interpret § 971.19(12) as referring only to Government Accountability Board investigations.

¶ 37. Both of the provisions referred to by the State are part of Wis. Stat. § 5.05, which was enacted to describe the composition, powers, and duties of the Government Accountability Board. The above-listed provisions are not part of the context in light of which *608we interpret Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) because they do not involve the prosecution of a crime, as § 971.19(12) and Wis. Stat. § 978.05(1) do. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 46. While all three statutes were enacted by 2007 Wisconsin Act 1, the Government Accountability Board is a separate entity, the duties and powers of which are specifically tailored to refer to that entity. A statute created to enumerate the powers and duties of the Government Accountability Board will likely be referring to the Government Accountability Board in the phrase "the subject of the investigation" for such entity is the focus of the statute. However, the same cannot be said for the interpretation of the phrase "the subject of the investigation" in § 971.19(12), a statute that is not limited, on its face or in its application, by the powers and duties of the Government Accountability Board. Accordingly, interpreting "the subject of the investigation" in § 971.19(12) in light of § 5.05, a statute which appears in a limited, narrow context does not assist our construction of § 971.19(12).

¶ 38. Furthermore, were we to follow the State's interpretation, venue for a violation of "any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation" would be in the county in which the crime was committed if the Government Accountability Board does not investigate and in the county in which the defendant resides if the Government Accountability Board does investigate. However, in either circumstance, when a criminal violation is alleged the district attorney of the county of venue would prosecute the action.15 Indeed, in its brief the *609State conceded: "The defendant's charged conduct would fall within the ambit of this category if his conduct had been the subject of a GAB [Government Accountability Board] investigation, but it was not." The State contends that differing results based on which entity investigates are justified by convenience considerations.

¶ 39. The State explained that referring an alleged criminal violation to a district attorney in a county other than where the offense occurred after the Government Accountability Board has investigated allows the district attorney to resolve the case much more quickly because the district attorney benefits from the Government Accountability Board investigation. The State explained at oral argument that it is difficult to prosecute a case "where the conduct, the evidence, the gravamen of the offense is in another county." Moreover, Brian Blanchard, Dane County District Attorney,16 testified before the Senate Committee on Campaign Finance Reform and Ethics regarding his "strong objections" to the new venue provision created by 2007 Senate Bill 1. Testimony of Brian Blanchard, Dane County District Attorney, to the Senate Committee on Campaign Finance Reform and Ethics Regarding Assembly/Special Session Bill 1, Jan. 18, 2007, on file with the Wisconsin Legislative Council [hereinafter Testimony of Brian Blanchard].17 At the hearing, he contended that the proposed venue provision was "un*610precedented and unworkable" and advocated for the application of the traditional venue rule, which requires a defendant to be tried where a crime was committed. Id. His main concern with the proposed venue provision was the inconvenience it would cause district attorneys.18 See id.

¶ 40. Prosecuting a case may be inconvenient for district attorneys in counties distant from where the alleged crime occurred; however, the legislative history of 2007 Senate Bill 1 indicates that the legislature rejected concerns bottomed in inconvenience to district attorneys. After considering Attorney Blanchard's testimony regarding his concerns about the venue provision, the legislature voted to pass the bill without amending any portion of it. Accordingly, the legislature in effect rejected Attorney Blanchard's convenience argument.

¶ 41. We further note that neither Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) nor the statute's stated purpose in Wis. Stat. § 801.64, provide a basis for a convenience-based distinction. At oral argument, we directed the State to the legislative findings contained in § 801.64 and asked counsel to explain how the convenience of the district *611attorney promotes the stated purpose of the venue provision, which is to give the people who elected the defendant and whose trust was violated by the defendant an opportunity to judge him at trial. See § 801.64. The State conceded that its interpretation based on convenience for district attorneys does not further the stated purpose, and admitted they are "competing interests."

¶ 42. We must interpret a statute to promote, not to contravene, its statutory purpose. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 49. First, we note that the legislature set out a broad, unambiguous purpose. Wisconsin Stat. § 801.64 explains that the venue provision broadly applies to "violations of the public trust." Such violations should be tried in the county where the offender resides so the individuals "whose trust was violated by the offense will judge the defendant's guilt or innocence." Id. To promote such a broad purpose, we must broadly interpret Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), including the phrase "the subject of the investigation." Accordingly, we conclude that venue is proper in the county in which the defendant resides when charged with a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation commenced by the district attorney, the former Elections Board, the former Ethics Board, or the Government Accountability Board. Such an interpretation does not base venue on who commenced the investigation of the alleged criminal violation; instead, our interpretation broadly encompasses violations of the public trust.

¶ 43. Applying that interpretation of category two of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) to the case before us, we conclude that venue for the crime of which Jensen has been accused is in Waukesha County Circuit Court, "the circuit court for the county where the defendant re*612sides," because it is an action alleging "a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation." Jensen was the subject of an investigation by the former Elections Board and the Dane County District Attorney for what were alleged to be violations of his official functions.

2. Any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation

¶ 44. Although we have concluded that Waukesha County Circuit Court is the proper venue for the State's case against Jensen because the allegations come within category two of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), we continue our analysis to determine whether the allegations against Jensen also fall within the third category of the statute because his pending charges are alleged "violation[s] of any other law arising from or in relation to . . . any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19."

¶ 45. The State urges us to interpret category three as applying only to matters involving violations of administrative regulations promulgated by the Government Accountability Board for the administration of the elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation laws. The State submits that the statute demands such an interpretation because "regulation" does not modify only "lobbying," but instead modifies "elections," "ethics," and "lobbying." We are unpersuaded.

¶ 46. We begin by reemphasizing, as we did previously, the broad language the legislature used in drafting Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). See supra ¶ 29. The *613phrases "for a violation of any other law" and "any matter that involves" are broadly stated introductory phrases. See § 971.19(12) (emphasis added). To be consistent with the broad language utilized by the legislature in § 971.19(12), we interpret the phrase "any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation" broadly to encompass more than just violations of administrative regulations promulgated by the Government Accountability Board to assist in its administration of the elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation. Again, we conclude that the State's interpretation is too limited and is contrary to the broad language of the statute.

¶ 47. Next, we reject the State's interpretation that "regulation" modifies "elections," "ethics," and "lobbying." Instead, we conclude that "regulation" modifies only the word "lobbying." We so conclude because the term "lobbying regulation" is a term of art utilized in subch. III of ch. 13. This is evidenced in several places in subch. III of ch. 13. First, subch. III of ch. 13 is entitled "Regulation of Lobbying." Second, Wis. Stat. § 13.61 is entitled, "Lobbying regulated; legislative purpose." Third, § 13.61 explains that "the legislature determines that it is necessary to regulate" lobbying. (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, we conclude that "regulation" modifies only "lobbying" and this is supported by the use of the term "lobbying regulation" elsewhere in the Wisconsin statutes. Because "regulation" modifies only the word "lobbying," Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) is not limited to violations of administrative regulations; rather, it encompasses violations of any matter that involves elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation.

¶ 48. There are numerous authorities that confirm our interpretation. See Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶ 51 ("[Legislative history is sometimes consulted to *614confirm or verify a plain-meaning interpretation."). First, the Wisconsin Legislative Council's interpretation is consistent with our interpretation that category three involves violations of any matter that involves elections, ethics, and lobbying regulation, not only administrative regulations. The Legislative Council's memo states, Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) "[p]ermits a defendant .. . who is prosecuted in connection with a violation of an election law, campaign finance law, lobbying law, or ethics law to move to change the place of trial to the county where the offense was committed." Wisconsin Legislative Council Amendment Memo for Senate Substitute Amendment 2 to 2007 Special Session Senate Bill 1 (Jan. 30, 2007) (on file with Wisconsin Legislative Council), available at http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007 /data/lc_amdt/jr7sb001.pdf (emphasis added).19

¶ 49. Another Legislative Council memo states, "In general under [2007 Wis.] Act [1], a Wisconsin resident must be criminally or civilly prosecuted in the county of residence for violations of laws relating to ... any matter involving elections, campaign financing, lobbying regulation, or ethics." Wisconsin Legislative Council Act Memo for Government Accountability Board to 2007 Wis. Act 1 (Feb. 26, 2007) (on file with Wisconsin Legislative Council), available at http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007 /data/lc_act/act001-jr7sbl.pdf (emphasis added). Inserting a comma before and after "lobbying regulation" indicates that "regulation" modifies only the word "lobbying." This is consistent with our interpretation.

*615¶ 50. Second, at least one court has interpreted "lobbying regulation" as a term of art referring to subch. III of ch. 13. In Katzman v. Wisconsin Ethics Board, 228 Wis. 2d 282, 596 N.W.2d 861 (Ct. App. 1999), the court noted, "The Ethics Board is charged with the responsibility of administering state laws regulating the conduct of lobbyists." Id. at 284 n.1 (citing Wis. Stat. § 13.685) (emphasis added).

¶ 51. Finally, the analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau of 2007 Senate Bill 1 confirms this construction. It states: "The bill also provides that violations of any civil or criminal laws by a resident of this state arising from or in relation to .. . any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation laws shall be prosecuted in circuit court for the county where the defendant resides." Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau, supra ¶ 28 (emphasis added).

¶ 52. Applying our interpretation of category three to the case before us, we conclude that proper venue is in Waukesha County Circuit Court, "the circuit court for the county where the defendant resides," because the State's action against Jensen alleges a violation arising from or in relation to a matter involving elections under chs. 5 to 12, Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). This is so because Jensen was charged with a violation of Wis. Stat. § 946.12(3), misconduct in public office. That charge alleges a violation of "any other law" arising from or in relation to elections.

III. CONCLUSION

¶ 53. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) establishes Waukesha County Circuit Court as the proper venue for Jensen's trial because the State's allegations against Jensen come within two categories *616of actions described in § 971.19(12). First, the State alleged that Jensen violated a law arising from or in relation "to the official functions of the subject of the investigation." Second, the State alleged that Jensen violated a law "arising from or in relation to.. . any matter that involves elections ... under chs. 5 to 12." Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals decision affirming the circuit court's denial of Jensen's motion to change the venue of his trial to Waukesha County Circuit Court. Waukesha County Circuit Court is the proper venue for the action that the State has brought against Jensen.

By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed, and the action is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 54. DAVID T. PROSSER, J., did not participate.

SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, C.J.

¶ 55. {concurring) . I agree that Scott R. Jensen's motion to change the venue of his criminal trial from Dane County, the place where the alleged illegal conduct occurred, to Waukesha County, Scott Jensen's county of residence, should be granted. The legislature intended this result.

¶ 56. I begin by placing in context Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), the "home county venue" provision at issue in the instant case. This provision was enacted as part of 2007 Wisconsin Act 1, which created the Government Accountability Board and significantly overhauled how the state's elections, ethics, and accountability laws governing public officials are administered, investigated, and enforced. In practical terms, § 971.19(12) provides a special venue rule for certain offenses by public officials: trial in the county of the official's residence. This venue provision supplants the *617usual rule of venue, which is of long standing and constitutional stature, that prosecution and trial generally take place where the offense occurred.

¶ 57. In short, section 971.19(12) arguably provides preferential procedural treatment for those prosecuted in public ethics actions, who are disproportionately public officials. Perhaps not surprisingly, this provision was very controversial during the passage of the Act and was subject to much scrutiny and negotiation, as was the entire Act. That context provides valuable insight in interpreting the statutory provision. I shall return to the context after first examining the text of §971.19(12).

I

¶ 58. I turn first to the text of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). The text is very difficult to read and understand and hard to apply to the facts of the present case. To help analyze § 971.19(12), I format the text as follows:

§ 971.19(12). Except as provided in s. 971.223,1 in an action

[1] for a violation of chs. 5 to 12, subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19, or

*618[2] for a violation of any other law arising from or in relation to the official functions of the subject of the investigation or

[3] any matter that involves elections, ethics, or lobbying regulation under subch. 5 to 12 [chs. 5 to 12], subch. III of ch. 13, or subch. III of ch. 19

a defendant who is a resident of this state shall be tried in circuit court for the county where the defendant resides. For purposes of this subsection, a person other than a natural person resides within a county if the person's principal place of operation is located within that county.

¶ 59. Part [1] of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) seems straightforward and clear. A defendant who violates one of the specifically enumerated statutes shall be tried in the circuit court in the county where the defendant resides. The parties, the majority opinion, and I all agree that this part of § 971.19(12) does not apply in the present case. Scott Jensen is not charged with violating any of the enumerated statutes. Rather, he is charged with a felony under Wis. Stat. § 946.12(3), misconduct in public office.

¶ 60. Part [2] of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) is not limited to a violation of election, ethics, or lobbying laws. Rather, under part [2] of § 971.19(12) a person who violates any law arising from or in relation to his or her official function shall be tried in the circuit court in the county where the defendant resides. Scott Jensen is charged with violating a law relating to his official functions as a legislator.2

*619¶ 61. The difficulty presented in Part [2] of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12), however, is the meaning of the statutory phrase "subject of the investigation." The statute does not say "subject of an investigation." The legislature's use of the article "the" rather than "a" appears to refer to a specific type of investigation rather than to any type of investigation.

¶ 62. As the majority opinion points out, the phrase "subject of the investigation" appears in other sections of the Act where the phrase clearly refers to investigations by the Government Accountability Board. See majority op., ¶¶ 36-37. The ordinary rule of statutory interpretation is that the legislature intends a word or phrase used in a single Act to have the same meaning throughout the Act.3 Here, the majority opinion at ¶ 37 abandons this rule of statutory interpretation and declares that the same phrase is meant to have different meanings in different parts of the same enactment. This reasoning is unconvincing.

¶ 63. The majority opinion interprets the phrase "the subject of the investigation" to include "investigations by the Government Accountability Board, the former Elections Board, the former Ethics Board and district attorneys." This delineation of a set of investigations has no textual basis. Why include these bodies but not investigations by the Attorney General or by other executive or law enforcement entities? Subject to those arbitrary distinctions, the majority effectively equates "the subject of the investigation" with "a defen*620dant." But section 971.19(12) uses both "the subject of the investigation" and "a defendant." In interpreting statutes, the court ordinarily says that when the legislature uses two different words or phrases the legislature intended the two to have different meanings.4 The majority opinion in effect reads the phrase "subject of the investigation" to mean "a defendant."

¶ 64. Part [2] of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) is difficult to understand and apply, especially to the facts of the present case.

¶ 65. I now turn to the text of Part [3] of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). The first quandary is that the text is grammatically challenged. It cannot be understood as written. If Part [3] is read literally it does not yield an intelligible sentence: "Except as provided in s. 971.223, in an action . . . any matter that involves elections . . . ."

¶ 66. Part [3] makes sense if, for example, the word "for" is inserted in the statute. With this addition the statute would read as follows: "Except as provided in s. 971.223, in an action. . . for any matter that involves elections ... ."

¶ 67. Or, to make sense Part [3] may be read to incorporate the 13-word introductory phrase appearing in Part [2] of § 971.19(12). With the addition of these words, Part [3] would read as follows: "Except as provided in s. 971.223, in an action ... for a violation, of any other law arising from or in relation to any matter that involves elections ... ." The majority opin*621ion at ¶¶ 20-23 adopts this reading of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12). If there was ever any doubt about this provision's textual opacity, the conclusive evidence is that the majority requires four paragraphs of judicial analysis, including two dedicated to the absence of a single comma, just to decide which words should be cobbled together to form a proper sentence.

¶ 68. Having thus rehabilitated the statute's syntax, the majority opinion at ¶ 46 also broadly interprets the word "involves" used in Part [3] to include the charge in the present case for violation of Wis. Stat. § 946.12(3), misconduct in office. With this broad interpretation of Part [3], the majority opinion has in effect incorporated all of Part [1] of § 971.19(12) into Part [3], rendering Part [1] wholly surplusage and redundant. Direct violations of the ethics, lobbying, and elections laws, covered in Part [1], are plainly swallowed up by the majority's interpretation of "any matter that involves elections, ethics or lobbying regulation." This reading of Part [3] renders Part [1] irrelevant, violating yet another basic rule of statutory interpretation.5

¶ 69. It is obvious that the text of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) raises many problems and questions that the majority opinion has not satisfactorily resolved. I return to the context of the "home county venue" provision for guidance. The text is more easily understood and applied by examining the findings and objectives the legislature set forth in adopting the Act.

*622II

¶ 70. The enactment of a comprehensive ethics, elections, and accountability bill was considered by the legislature for several years. In January 2007, Governor James Doyle called the legislature into special session on ethics reform, and the legislature adopted 2007 Wisconsin Act 1. Like many laws, the Act was a delicate compromise between the governor and the legislature, between the Senate and the Assembly, and between members of the two political parties.6 With all the compromises, the Act was adopted overwhelmingly— 97-2 in the Assembly and 33-0 in the Senate.7

¶ 71. Prior to the adoption of the Act, both Democratic and Republican members of the legislature had been prosecuted and convicted for violating various laws as public officials. Section 971.19(12), the "home county venue" provision, was critical to winning Republican support.8 It was reported that Republican legislators considered the "home county" provision "critical, because three of their former leaders were convicted of *623crimes in Dane County."9 By many reports, "Republicans were concerned that they would not get a fair shake in Madison courts."10 Sponsors of the Act reportedly said "they allowed for a venue change in order to placate lawmakers who were concerned about facing an overzealous Dane County prosecutor and a potentially hostile Dane County jury."11 Rep. Fred Kessler (D-Milwaukee) criticized the "home county venue" provision as "giv[ing] the political class in Wisconsin a home-court advantage" and tried to amend the bill to remove the venue provision; this effort was soundly defeated in the Assembly by an 80-19 vote.12

¶ 72. Legislators also expressed concern, however, that the "home county venue" provision was unconstitutional.13 Some argued that it would violate of Article I, Section 7 of the Wisconsin Constitution, which guarantees an accused "a speedy public trial by an impartial *624jury of the county or district wherein the offense shall have been committed...." The "home county venue" provision was therefore modified to allow an accused to opt out of the "home county venue" provision.14 This opt-out provision was included to protect an accused's constitutional right to trial in the place where the acts were committed.

¶ 73. Trepidation was expressed that the "home county venue" provision might violate the equal protection clause of the Wisconsin and United States constitutions by treating certain defendants, disproportionately public officials, differently from other persons accused of crimes.15

¶ 74. In light of these constitutional concerns, the legislature adopted Wis. Stat. § 801.64, which made specific legislative findings regarding the Act.16 The *625legislature collectively opined that the enactment of the "home county venue" and opt-out provisions was consistent with other statutes and with the protections under Article I, Section 7 of the Wisconsin constitution. The legislature further found that the "home county venue" provision "is consistent with equal protection of the laws under article I, section 1 of the [Wisconsin] constitution." Legislative findings pre-emptively defending the constitutionality of an enactment are unusual in Wisconsin legislative enactments.

¶ 75. Moreover, the legislature expressed its intent in Wis. Stat. § 801.64 that violations of offenses covered by the Act are violations of public trust and should be adjudicated in the county where the public official resides so that the individuals in the county whom the official serves will judge the official's guilt or innocence. Unfortunately, the legislature left murky in § 971.19(12) exactly which offenses are "violations of offenses covered by 2007 Wisconsin Act 1." Indeed the issue presented in the instant case is whether the charges against Scott Jensen are among those "viola*626tions of offenses covered by 2007 Wisconsin Act 1." As discussed above, it is not clear from the language whether any of the three parts of Wis. Stat. § 971.19(12) covers the charges pending against Scott Jensen.

¶ 76. The legislative goal of removing certain (but not all) cases involving public officials from prosecution and trial in Dane County to the county of the official's residence is, however, clear. The legislative findings and history inform the application of § 971.19(12) to the present case.

¶ 77. Scott Jensen was charged and convicted in Dane County Circuit Court before the Act was adopted. His appeal from his conviction was pending in the court of appeals when the Act was adopted. After the adoption of the Act, the court of appeals ordered a new trial for Scott Jensen. The parties agree that the Act applies to Scott Jensen's retrial. In light of the legislative history, the legislative findings in Wis. Stat. § 801.64, and the pendency of Scott Jensen's prosecution at the time the Act was debated, negotiated, and adopted, I would interpret the hard-to-read-and-understand home county venue provision, § 971.19(12), as including Scott Jensen.

¶ 78. For the reasons set forth, I write separately.

¶ 79. I am authorized to state that Justice ANN WALSH BRADLEY joins this opinion.