The opinion of the court was delivered by
The plaintiff’s intestate was killed by reason of contact with the automobile of defendant. She was at the time crossing the street at a place other than a cross-walk. The date is not given but we must infer from the questions certified that it was after July 4th, 1915, when chapter 156 of the laws of that year took effect. It does not appear whether the owner, or a servant was driving the automobile. The first question certified is: “Is negligence to be conclusively presumed against one who crosses a street at any place other than a cross-walk ?” To this we answer no. The statute says nothing about negligence.
The second question is: “Is one so crossing a street barred, because of so crossing, from maintaining an action for damages?” This question cannot be answered by a simple negative or affirmative. The provision of the statute is: “Any person crossing a street at any place other than the cross-walk shall do so at his own risk. Nothing in this regulation, however, shall relieve the drivers of vehicles from being constantly vigilant, exercising all reasonable care to avoid injuring either persons or property.” Pamph. L. 1915, p. 297, § 12. If the first sentence stood alone we would necessarily answer in the affirmative to the second question certified. It is a legislative declaration that the pedestrian assumes the risk. The subsequent language points to a distinction to be made as to the liability of drivers of vehicles. Effect can be given to both provisions by 'holding, (1) that as against owners of vehicles not themselves driving, the pedestrian who crosses a street at a place other than a cross-walk is barred from *39maintaining an action for damages caused by collision; (2) that as against drivers, whether they are owners of the vehicle or servants of the owner, the pedestrian is not barred of his action. It is quite clear that the statute did not mean to exempt drivers of vehicles from exercising all reasonable care or to relieve them- from their legal liability prior to the statute. It may be well to add that the provision now in question no longer forms part of the statute. Pamph. L. 1916, p. 49.
The third question is: “What is the legal effect of the words ‘at liis own risk’ as applied to one so crossing a street ?” We cannot answer this otherwise than as already iudicated. We must not be understood to approve a form of question which asks for an abstract lecture on the meaning of words. A case certified should state a concrete case.
The same objection applies with even greater force to the fourth question: “What is the cross-walk of a street?” The question is irrelevant to the concrete case before us since the accident happened at a place other than a cross-walk.
The fifth question is: “What is the cross-walk of a street where asphalted or macadamized surface streets intersect and no actual cross-walk is found and no cross-walk is in any way marked off?” This question is also irrelevant to the facts of the present ease.