delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff in error was convicted, in the circuit court of Yazoo county, of the offence of selling spirituous liquor to a slave without the permission of the master or owner.
Exceptions were taken at the trial to the introduction of evidence offered.in behalf of the prosecution. These, however, appear to have been abandoned, as they have not been pressed upon the consideration of the court.
The instructions granted at the instance of the prosecuting attorney will not be noticed. They were not excepted to at the time, and have not been made a ground for the motion for a new trial, which' was made in the court below and overruled. Hence the only question, which we have to consider of, is the propriety of the decision on the said motion.
.The-finding, of the jury in this case necessarily embraced two propositions;- 1. That the defendant did in fact sell spirituous liquor to a slave; 2. That the sale was made without the permission of the master, owner, or overseer.
In reference to the first, we think the evidence was sufficient to warrant the conclusion drawn by the jury. The proofs were such as to leave no reasonable doubt on their minds, that the liquor was furnished to the negroes by the defendant or delivered to them by his direction, in payment of the articles deposited at his house on the preceding night.
In regard to the second, the question is not so easily settled. In relation to this point, the testimony of Chew, the only witness for the’prosecution, was, that this witness accompanied two of his negroes, late at night, to a place near the house of the *267defendant, the negroes taking with them peas and potatoes to sell to him. This was doné by the permission of'the witness. The articles were delivered to a negro woman in the employment of the defendant. This was done^ by the direction of a person in the house who had been aroused by the negroes, and whom the witness, from his voice, believed to be the defendant. This person said to the negroes, “Leave your things, go away, and return in the morning or some other time, and I will settle with you.” Witness, with the negroes, returned on the next morning between daylight and sunrise; he saw the negroes enter the defendant’s house and come out of it after remaining a short time, bringing with them whiskey and tobacco, which they had procured from some one in the house.
Here was a plan laid for the detection of the defendant, and the conclusion cannot be resisted that in making the sale he designed to violate the statute. The question, then, which we have to determine, is, whether the permission given to the negroes to sell the articles, and the presence of the master during the transaction, which were unknown to the defendant, had the effect to legalize the sale; or, in other words, were the jury, from the proofs before them, authorized to find that the sale was made without the permission of the master, according to the proper construction of the statute?
This question, arising upon facts very similar to those above detailed, was presented to this court in the case of Jolly v. The State, 8 S. & M. 145. The proofs in that case showed, that several persons, suspecting the defendant of a violation of the statute under which this conviction was had, went in the night near to his house, and sent a negro belonging to one of them with money and a jug, and told him to get some whiskey. The witnesses were concealed. The defendant sold the whiskey to the negro. The court, in commenting upon these facts, remarked : “ In this case the question arises, Was the permission given to the slave to buy, or was it merely an experiment to see if the defendant would sell without permission? In other words', was it not a plan to delect the defendant in a violation of the law, by seeing him sell spirituous liquor without a permission *268to the slave to buy? The true point is, whether the master was willing that the slave should buy the liquor of the defendant, and gave him permission to do so. This point is for the determination of the jury. If, from the evidence, they should be of the opinion that permission was given to the slave by the master, mistress, owner, or overseer, to buy the liquor, then the offence is not committed, though the permission were given to the slave and not to the seller. But if they should be of opinion that permission was not given to buy, but that the slave was sent to ascertain and fix the fact that the defendant would sell without permission, and the sale took place under these circumstances, then the offence was consummated.”
The principle of this case is, that the permission given to buy the liquor, though given to the slave and not the vendor, will legalize the sale; but that the mere presence of the master, mistress, owner, or overseer, and their knowledge or witnessing the transaction, will not have that effect. In the case under examination, the permission was to sell the articles which the slaves had in their possession to the defendant, and. not to receive in payment whiskey, money, or any other specific commodity. It cannot, therefore, be said that permission was given to buy the liquor.
In the case of The State v. Anone, 2 Nott & McCord, 27, cited by this court in Jolly’s case, a broader and more comprehensive construction was given to a statute similar to this. The witness, upon whose testimony Anone was convicted, was the overseer of the slave. He had given corn to the negro, and had sent him to Anone’s store for the purpose of detecting him in trading illegally. He witnessed the transaction, but did not interfere or forbid the trade. These facts were held to be no justification or excuse. The court said, “ It has long since been decided that an employer’s delivery of an article to a slave, and afterwards standing by for the purpose of detecting an offender, who may trade with the slave, does not legalize the trading.” The decision in that case rests on the ground that the permission intended by the statute was where the master or owner in reality designed to allow his slave to trade, and for the ordinary *269purposes of such traffic ; and not where the object is merely to detect an offender against the law.
In the construction which the courts of South Carolina have given to the statute, the illegal intention of the purchaser or vendor is made the principal subject of consideration. The delivery of an article by the master to his slave, to be sold for the purpose of detecting the vendor, and his presence at the sale, is held to be no excuse to the purchaser, unless, by some intimation given by the master, the vendor may fairly infer his assent.
In cases similar to the one under examination, it is obvious that the delinquent can never claim exemption on the ground of the innocency of his intentions. No one can be convicted upon this construction unless he shall have, at least, designed to violate the statute. There is, therefore, no objection on the ground that it would operate oppressively; and the manifest policy of this interpretation commends it strongly to the favorable consideration of our courts. But whether we test the finding of the jury in this case by the principle recognized in Jolly v. The State, or by the law as laid down in the case cited from Nott & McCord, we cannot say that it was unauthorized by the evidence. We therefore affirm the judgment.